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A
jet airliner, which is also sometimes called a
jetliner though technically similiar, and rightful synonyms of one another, in actual English language semantics have substantially different meanings and connotations.
Although semantics and mechanically, and in terms of aviation terminology, "any airliner powered by a
reaction engine such as a jet engine, may be considered a "jet propelled airliner," or "jet airliner," the term "jetliner" is generally linguistically slated for only a very select few members of this genus of aircraft among aviators,
historians, and experienced air travelers.
Jetliners refer back to era attached to the "fashion" which is usually associated with, and reserved for only the first generations of uniquely distinguishible jet-propelled aircraft as the airline industry was transitioning from the piston aircraft era.
Much like the word "jet" is often simplistically used to identify a "
jet engine", which also is sometimes referred to as a "pure-jet", "
turbojet", or "straight-jet;" a jet as they are also
colloquially known, is in itself in sharp contrast to the modern technology "bypass ratio," gas turbine, turbofan, propelled airliner powerplants which currently ply the nations skyways. From an engineering standpoint, first generation
centrifugal-flow and axial-flow turbojet propulsion systems are as far a apart in their complexity from modern jet propulsion systems as the word jet airliners and jetliners are in the English language.
It is from these first generations of workable "
turbojets." that we derive the now antiquated systems of "
water injection (engines)" and "afterburners" for added "
thrust" which were regularly used and demonstrated, on most jetliners, but not necessarily on all jet airliners. Yet, now these also once cryptic terms are regular aspects of the English vocabulary as is the word Jet engines instead of jets, to addequately describe the complexities of modern jet engines.
While first generation jetliners were supplanted relatively quickly, second and even a very few third generation jet airliners may rightfully be referred to as "jetliners" in certain English context. In contrast to today's long-distance quiet, fuel-efficient, and modern turbofan powered air travel, first generation "jet airliner" travel was incredibly noisy, and notoriously fuel in-efficient. These inefficiencies were addressed by the "
propjet," also known as the turboprop.
Although the fleets of many modern airlines may include a number of smaller but just as modern turboprop and seemingly ancient propeller propelled and
reciprocating engines piston engine driven types, these appearances can be deceiving. These types of gas turbine, "propjet airliners" are just as modern as turbofan driven aircraft, and are typically used for shorter flights to provincial towns, island communities, or airports where topography or adjoining development limits the runway length.
Among one of the first successful "post-jetliner" aircraft with traits resembling modern
propjet and propfan technology such as multi-blade contra-rotating propellers was the
propfanjetliners developed by Tupolev designated as Tupolev Tu-114s. Although a long-range airliner, this Soviet Russian swept wing design can rightfully be seen as a much more technically advanced late 1950's, predecessor of many of the modern short range regional aircraft type of gas turbine
turboprop propelled
airliners flying today, and with the rapidly advancing of engine blade technology, may dominate the world's skies in the very near future. powered, swept wing,
prop fan-jet liner
Introduction and Early History
The first airliners with turbojet propulsion were experimental conversions of the Avro Lancastrian piston engined airliner, which were flown with several types of early jet engine, including the
de Havilland Ghost and the
Rolls-Royce Nene, however these retained the two inboard piston engines, the jets being housed in the outboard nacelles and these aircraft were therefore of 'mixed' propulsion. The first airliner with full jet power was the Nene-powered
Vickers VC.1 Viking G-AJPH, which first flew on the
6 April 1948.
First Commercially Successful Jet Airliner
of
American AirlinesThe first purpose-built jet airliner was the
DH106 Comet which first flew in 1949 and entered service in 1952. Also developed in 1949 was the Avro Jetliner, and although it never reached production, the term
jetliner caught on as a generic term for all passenger jet aircraft.
These first
Jetliners were followed some years later by the enormously successful
Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, the
Sud Aviation Caravelle,
Tupolev Tu-104, and
Convair 880. National prestige was attached to developing prototypes and bringing these first generation designs into service. There was also a strong nationalism in purchasing policy, such that the
Boeing and
Douglas Aircraft Company products became closely associated with
Pan Am, while
BOAC ordered United Kingdom made Comets.
These two
airlines with "strong nautical traditions of
command hierarchy rank and
chain of command, retained from their days of operations with flying boats," undoubtably were quick to capitalize upon with the help of top advertising agency, the linkings of the "speed of jets" with the safety and secure "luxury of ocean liner ocean liners" among
public perception.
Nationalism also ensued in Russia with
Aeroflot which used Tupolevs, while
Air France introduced Caravelles. Commercial realities dictated exceptions, however, as few airlines could risk missing out on a superior product: American airlines ordered the pioneering Comet (but later cancelled when the Comet ran into metal fatigue problems), Canadian, British and European airlines could not ignore the better operating economics of the Boeing 707 and the DC-8, while some American airlines ordered the Caravelle.
Boeing became the most successful of the early manufacturers. The
KC-135 Stratotanker and military versions of the 707 remain operational, mostly as Tanker (aircraft)s or Freight aircrafts. The basic configuration of the Boeing,
Convair and Douglas aircraft jet airliner designs, with widely spaced podded engines under slung on pylons beneath a swept wing, proved to be the most common arrangement and was most easily compatible with the large-diameter high-bypass turbofan engines that subsequently prevailed for reasons of quietness and fuel efficiency.
Airbus A340-600 landing. This airliner has an additional undercarriage on the fuselage belly.
The de Havilland and Tupolev designs had engines incorporated within the wings next to the
fuselage, a concept that endured only within military designs while the graceful Caravelle pioneered engines mounted either side of the rear fuselage.
Second Generation Jet Airliner Developments
In the 1960s, when jet airliners were powered by slim, low-bypass engines, many aircraft used the rear-engined,
T-tail configuration, such as the
Boeing 727,
Douglas DC-9,
BAC One-Eleven, Hawker Siddeley Trident,
Ilyushin Il-62, Tupolev Tu-154 and
Vickers VC-10. This engine arrangement survives into the 21st century on numerous Douglas DC-9 derivatives plus newer short-range regional "jet airliners" built by
Bombardier, Embraer and, until recently,
Fokker. However other "jetliner" developments, such as the concept of rocket assisted takeoffs RATO, and the briefly mentioned
water injection (engines) as used and tested upon first generation
passenger jets, as well as trailing edge mounted powerplants,
afterburners also known as
reheat used upon supersonic transports SSTs such as the
Concorde and Tupolev Tu-144, likewise have been relegated to the past.
For
business jets, the rear-engined universal configuration pioneered by the turbojet powered early Learjet 23,
North American Sabreliner , and Lockheed JetStar is altogether common practice on smaller
bizjet aircraft as the wing is too close to the ground to accommodate underslung engines. This as opposed to early generation jet airliners, whose design engineers slung jet engines on the rear to increase wing lift performance and at the same time reduce cabin noise of the lower bypass "
turbojet" engines.
Present day Jet Airliners
Linguistics, present day aircraft and airliners are now more commonly broken into the distinction of "
jumbo jet" and,"
wide-body" jets, "
Narrow-body aircraft" jets, and "regional jets" with the terms "jets" and "liners" conveniently dropped from all but the "regional" and "jumbo jets." The more endearingly familiar "retrojet liners" and colorful "logojet liners" have also become coloquially abbreivated.
While criticism has been leveled at the impact jet airliners have had upon such issues as noise pollution, one far greater issue has been the transmission and what some contend unjustifiably, as the negative aspects of anglosphere culture worldwide.
These resentment can possibly be attributable to a few reasons. First, the vast increases in the speed of jet aircraft and jetliners have permitted interactions between foreign, culturally diverse peoples by means of mass transit
tourism to reach many remote areas of the world. These remote geographical areas and quantitatively tremendous amounts of interactions among peoples which would not have ordinarily been possible on the average persons available time frame without advent of the jet airliner, may have accelerated naturally occuring culturally inertacting tensions. And secondly,
aviators need for a common international language in the interest of air safety, which
english language has officially been desginated, by the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO, may have left other none designated ICAO languages speakers perplexed by modern aviation operational principles.
See also
- Airliner
- Aviation
- Business jet
- Freight aircraft
- Jet aircraft
A
jet airliner, which is also sometimes called a
jetliner though technically similiar, and rightful synonyms of one another, in actual English language
semantics have substantially different meanings and connotations.
Although semantics and mechanically, and in terms of aviation terminology, "any
airliner powered by a reaction engine such as a jet engine, may be considered a "jet propelled airliner," or "jet airliner," the term "jetliner" is generally linguistically slated for only a very select few members of this genus of aircraft among aviators, historians, and experienced air travelers.
Jetliners refer back to era attached to the "fashion" which is usually associated with, and reserved for only the first generations of uniquely distinguishible jet-propelled aircraft as the airline industry was transitioning from the piston aircraft era.
Much like the word "jet" is often simplistically used to identify a "jet engine", which also is sometimes referred to as a "pure-jet", "
turbojet", or "straight-jet;" a jet as they are also colloquially known, is in itself in sharp contrast to the modern technology "
bypass ratio,"
gas turbine, turbofan, propelled airliner powerplants which currently ply the nations skyways. From an engineering standpoint, first generation centrifugal-flow and axial-flow
turbojet propulsion systems are as far a apart in their complexity from modern jet propulsion systems as the word jet airliners and jetliners are in the
English language.
It is from these first generations of workable "
turbojets." that we derive the now antiquated systems of "
water injection (engines)" and "afterburners" for added "thrust" which were regularly used and demonstrated, on most jetliners, but not necessarily on all jet airliners. Yet, now these also once cryptic terms are regular aspects of the English vocabulary as is the word
Jet engines instead of jets, to addequately describe the complexities of modern jet engines.
While first generation jetliners were supplanted relatively quickly, second and even a very few third generation jet airliners may rightfully be referred to as "jetliners" in certain English context. In contrast to today's long-distance quiet, fuel-efficient, and modern turbofan powered air travel, first generation "jet airliner" travel was incredibly noisy, and notoriously fuel in-efficient. These inefficiencies were addressed by the "
propjet," also known as the turboprop.
Although the fleets of many modern airlines may include a number of smaller but just as modern
turboprop and seemingly ancient
propeller propelled and reciprocating engines
piston engine driven types, these appearances can be deceiving. These types of
gas turbine, "propjet airliners" are just as modern as turbofan driven aircraft, and are typically used for shorter flights to provincial towns, island communities, or airports where topography or adjoining development limits the runway length.
Among one of the first successful "post-jetliner" aircraft with traits resembling modern propjet and
propfan technology such as multi-blade contra-rotating propellers was the
propfanjetliners developed by Tupolev designated as Tupolev Tu-114s. Although a long-range airliner, this Soviet Russian
swept wing design can rightfully be seen as a much more technically advanced late 1950's, predecessor of many of the modern short range
regional aircraft type of gas turbine turboprop propelled
airliners flying today, and with the rapidly advancing of engine blade technology, may dominate the world's skies in the very near future. powered, swept wing,
prop fan-jet liner
Introduction and Early History
The first airliners with turbojet propulsion were experimental conversions of the
Avro Lancastrian piston engined airliner, which were flown with several types of early jet engine, including the
de Havilland Ghost and the
Rolls-Royce Nene, however these retained the two inboard piston engines, the jets being housed in the outboard nacelles and these aircraft were therefore of 'mixed' propulsion. The first airliner with full jet power was the Nene-powered
Vickers VC.1 Viking G-AJPH, which first flew on the 6 April 1948.
First Commercially Successful Jet Airliner
of
American AirlinesThe first purpose-built jet airliner was the DH106 Comet which first flew in 1949 and entered service in 1952. Also developed in 1949 was the Avro Jetliner, and although it never reached production, the term
jetliner caught on as a generic term for all passenger jet aircraft.
These first
Jetliners were followed some years later by the enormously successful Boeing 707 and
Douglas DC-8, the Sud Aviation Caravelle, Tupolev Tu-104, and
Convair 880. National prestige was attached to developing prototypes and bringing these first generation designs into service. There was also a strong
nationalism in purchasing policy, such that the Boeing and Douglas Aircraft Company products became closely associated with Pan Am, while
BOAC ordered
United Kingdom made Comets.
These two airlines with "strong nautical traditions of command hierarchy rank and
chain of command, retained from their days of operations with
flying boats," undoubtably were quick to
capitalize upon with the help of top advertising agency, the linkings of the "speed of jets" with the safety and secure "luxury of ocean liner
ocean liners" among public perception.
Nationalism also ensued in Russia with Aeroflot which used Tupolevs, while Air France introduced Caravelles. Commercial realities dictated exceptions, however, as few airlines could risk missing out on a superior product: American airlines ordered the pioneering Comet (but later cancelled when the Comet ran into metal fatigue problems), Canadian, British and European airlines could not ignore the better operating economics of the Boeing 707 and the DC-8, while some American airlines ordered the Caravelle.
Boeing became the most successful of the early manufacturers. The KC-135 Stratotanker and military versions of the 707 remain operational, mostly as
Tanker (aircraft)s or Freight aircrafts. The basic configuration of the Boeing,
Convair and Douglas aircraft jet airliner designs, with widely spaced podded engines under slung on pylons beneath a swept wing, proved to be the most common arrangement and was most easily compatible with the large-diameter high-bypass turbofan engines that subsequently prevailed for reasons of quietness and fuel efficiency.
Airbus A340-600 landing. This airliner has an additional undercarriage on the
fuselage belly.
The
de Havilland and Tupolev designs had engines incorporated within the wings next to the
fuselage, a concept that endured only within military designs while the graceful Caravelle pioneered engines mounted either side of the rear fuselage.
Second Generation Jet Airliner Developments
In the 1960s, when jet airliners were powered by slim, low-bypass engines, many aircraft used the rear-engined, T-tail configuration, such as the
Boeing 727,
Douglas DC-9,
BAC One-Eleven,
Hawker Siddeley Trident,
Ilyushin Il-62, Tupolev Tu-154 and
Vickers VC-10. This engine arrangement survives into the
21st century on numerous
Douglas DC-9 derivatives plus newer short-range regional "jet airliners" built by
Bombardier,
Embraer and, until recently, Fokker. However other "jetliner" developments, such as the concept of rocket assisted takeoffs
RATO, and the briefly mentioned water injection (engines) as used and tested upon first generation
passenger jets, as well as trailing edge mounted powerplants,
afterburners also known as reheat used upon
supersonic transports
SSTs such as the
Concorde and
Tupolev Tu-144, likewise have been relegated to the past.
For business jets, the rear-engined universal configuration pioneered by the turbojet powered early Learjet 23, North American Sabreliner , and
Lockheed JetStar is altogether common practice on smaller bizjet aircraft as the wing is too close to the ground to accommodate underslung engines. This as opposed to early generation jet airliners, whose design engineers slung jet engines on the rear to increase wing lift performance and at the same time reduce cabin noise of the lower bypass "turbojet" engines.
Present day Jet Airliners
Linguistics, present day aircraft and airliners are now more commonly broken into the distinction of "
jumbo jet" and,"
wide-body" jets, "Narrow-body aircraft" jets, and "
regional jets" with the terms "jets" and "liners" conveniently dropped from all but the "regional" and "jumbo jets." The more endearingly familiar "retrojet liners" and colorful "
logojet liners" have also become coloquially abbreivated.
While criticism has been leveled at the impact jet airliners have had upon such issues as noise pollution, one far greater issue has been the transmission and what some contend unjustifiably, as the negative aspects of anglosphere culture worldwide.
These resentment can possibly be attributable to a few reasons. First, the vast increases in the speed of
jet aircraft and jetliners have permitted interactions between foreign, culturally diverse peoples by means of
mass transit tourism to reach many remote areas of the world. These remote geographical areas and quantitatively tremendous amounts of interactions among peoples which would not have ordinarily been possible on the average persons available time frame without advent of the jet airliner, may have accelerated naturally occuring culturally inertacting tensions. And secondly,
aviators need for a common international language in the interest of
air safety, which
english language has officially been desginated, by the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO, may have left other none designated ICAO languages speakers perplexed by modern aviation operational principles.
See also
- Airliner
- Aviation
- Business jet
- Freight aircraft
- Jet aircraft
Jet airliner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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